[145] The Gospel includes a scene in which the centurions who had been guarding Jesus' tomb report to Pilate that Jesus has been resurrected. But the Jewish leaders did care. One famous nineteenth-century painting of Pilate is Christ before Pilate (1881) by Hungarian painter Mihly Munkcsy: the work brought Munkcsy great fame and celebrity in his lifetime, making his reputation and being popular in the United States in particular, where the painting was purchased. The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be Pilate's birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prtoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [115] The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. Another tradition states that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was a bastard son of Tyrus, king of Mayence. Clearly, as an index to the character and personality of Pilate, the New Testament is devastating, but it is preoccupied with concerns of the nascent Christian communities, increasingly making their way among the Gentiles and eager to avoid giving offense to Roman authorities. In some cases, it is unclear if they may be referring to the same event,[54] and it is difficult to establish a chronology of events for Pilate's rule. According to some traditions, the Roman emperor Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate to death by execution or suicide. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. First Apology 35. Though he knew the charges against Jesus Christ were void of substance, because of his spineless politicism, he delivered the Son of God over to the rebellious Jews for crucifixion (see Mt. Yes, the Roman Cornelius lineages are quite entertaining. [102] Maier argues that "[i]n all probability, then, the fate of Pontius Pilate lay clearly in the direction of a retired government official, a pensioned Roman ex-magistrate, than in anything more disastrous. Pontius Pilate was a prefect of the Roman Empire serving in Judea under the reign of Tiberius. Pontius Pilate's Wife. He met people whom Pilate had governed, people who had known Pilate from close quarters and could give reliable reports which were based on immediate experience. When Herod I died in 4 BCE, Augustus upheld his will and divided the kingdom between three of Herod's surviving sons. [249] The Mystre de la Passion d'Angers by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of Pilate's life before the passion. [137] The earliest attestation of a positive tradition about Pilate comes from the late first-, early second-century Christian author Tertullian, who, claiming to have seen Pilate's report to Tiberius, states Pilate had "become already a Christian in his conscience. "[277] The Nicene Creed states "For our sake [Jesus] was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. Still others believe Pontius Pilate's fate involved his conversion to Christianity and subsequent canonization. His story represents the counterpoint narrative to the main action in Moscow, and centers on his decision to approve the execution of Yeshua Ha-Nozri in the city of Yershalaim. Pilate dies seven months later. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of Pilate and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. 4. 9. He was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, a favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. As a result, pressure was applied by the Jewish Sanhedrin (Luke 23:2-7) upon Pilate. Nothing is known about what happened to him after this event. [269] Martin Winkler, however, argues that Ben-Hur provides a more nuanced and less condemnatory portrayal of Pilate and the Roman Empire than most American films of the period. Josephus tells us more. A second inscription, which has since been lost,[114] has historically been associated with Pontius Pilate. He is sometimes replaced by Herod, Annas, and Caiaphas in the trial scene. Pilate owed his appointment to the influence of Sejanus. It is in a class of documents called New Testament apocraphal writings. Now after the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week . Pontius Pilate is best known for presiding over Jesus ' trial and ordering his crucifixion. [131], Due to his role in Jesus' trial, Pilate became an important figure in both pagan and Christian propaganda in late antiquity. This may mean they were close, since life in the administrative center of Caesarea would certainly have been more comfortable for her. [143] The apocryphal Gospel of Peter completely exonerates Pilate for the crucifixion, which is instead performed by Herod Antipas. [283][284], Pilate's washing his hands of responsibility for Jesus's death in Matthew 27:24 is a commonly encountered image in the popular imagination,[75] and is the origin of the English phrase "to wash one's hands of (the matter)", meaning to refuse further involvement with or responsibility for something. [216] In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Pilate was frequently dressed as an Arab, wearing a turban, long robes, and a long beard, given the same characteristics as the Jews. For Pilate, anything that got him advanced in status in the eyes of the emperor was truth. So he introduced Caesars effigies, which were upon the ensigns, and brought them into the city; whereas our law forbids us the very making of images; on which account the former procurators were wont to make their entry into the city with such ensigns as had not those ornaments. [51], Daniel Schwartz takes the note in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 23:12) that Pilate had a difficult relationship with the Galilean Jewish king Herod Antipas as potentially historical. [264] During the Ecce homo scene, the eagle stands in the background between Jesus and Pilate, with a wing above each figure; after hesitantly condemning Jesus, Pilate passes back to the eagle, which is now framed beside him, showing his isolation in his decision and, McDonough suggests, causing the audience to question how well he has served the emperor. Judgments of the man himself must be made inferentially, almost entirely on the basis of later Jewish and Christian writings, chiefly those of Josephus and the New Testament. [214] Images of Pilate were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century. The Pontii were a Samnite gens. [122] This theory was rejected by Helen Bond, who argued that there was nothing particularly offensive about the designs. Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor of Judea during the time of Jesus. What Happened to Pontius Pilate after Jesus? [77] In Ignatius's epistles to the Trallians (9.1) and to the Smyrnaeans (1.2), the author attributes Jesus's persecution under Pilate's governorship. Due to the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as both a martyr and a saint, a belief which is historically shared by the Coptic Church. He is frequently depicted as a more important character to the narrative than even Jesus,[227] and became one of the most important figures of medieval drama in the fifteenth century. After questioning Jesus and receiving very few responses, Herod decides that Jesus poses no threat and returns you to Pilate. Pontius Pilate refers to Christ in official records, Pontius Pilate - refers to Christ in official records. [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. [105], A single inscription by Pilate has survived in Caesarea, on the "Pilate Stone". Pressure was also applied by his wife to have nothing to do with Jesus. [52] Based on John 19:12, it is possible that Pilate held the title "friend of Caesar" (Latin: amicus Caesaris, Ancient Greek: K), a title also held by the Jewish kings Herod Agrippa I and Herod Agrippa II and by close advisors to the emperor. It is possible that the ring belonged to another individual named Pilate,[130] or that it belonged to someone who worked for Pontius Pilate. The Jewish historian Josephus, the philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. Pilate's times were very different from our own. In 37 CE, Pontius Pilate oversaw the slaughter of a group of Samaritan pilgrims in the village of Tirathana. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. According to one prominent post-war theory, Pilate's treatment of the Jews was motivated by antisemitism, but most modern historians do not believe this theory.[10]. But in 31 AD, Sejanus ended up on the wrong side of a political feud and was sentenced to . [19], On the basis of the many offenses that Pilate caused to the Judaean populace, some scholars find Pilate to have been a particularly bad governor. Actually, Pilate would have been right at home in the 21st century, where truth is always relative. [151] Two of these include purported reports made by Pilate to the emperor (the Anaphora Pilati to Emperor Tiberius and the Letter of Pilate to Claudius to Claudius) on the crucifixion, in which Pilate recounts Jesus' death and resurrection, blaming the Jews. Pilate was unpopular with the Jewish population because he hung worship images of the emperor throughout Jerusalem and minted coins with the image of pagan symbols. M. P. Charlesworth argues that Pilate was "a man whose character and capacity fell below those of the ordinary provincial official [] in ten years he had piled blunder on blunder in his scorn for and misunderstanding of the people he was sent to rule. Pilate was also the focus of numerous medieval legends, which invented a complete biography for him and portrayed him as villainous and cowardly. [142] Originally, these texts served both to unburden Pilate of guilt for the death of Jesus as well as to provide more complete records of Jesus's trial. The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. [129] The name Pilatus is rare, so the ring could be associated with Pontius Pilate; however, given the cheap material, it is unlikely that he would have owned it. Pilate holds a high-pressured position of . [294] Helen Bond argues that "[g]iven the history of pagan designs throughout Judaean coinage, particularly from Herod and Gratus, Pilate's coins do not seem to be deliberately offensive,"[295] and that the coins offer little evidence of any connection between Pilate and Sejanus. Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105110 AD). The Samaritans were leading an expedition to Mount Gerizim to look for artifacts. Pilate is taken as a prisoner with her to Rome to be judged, but every time the emperor sees Pilate to condemn him, his anger dissipates. [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. [266] Following the Second World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film. [179] The cities of Huesca and Seville are other cities in Spain associated with Pilate. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. Hear their responses inspired by scripture and what the Bible says in regards to an. More than 30 years earlier, his father, Herod the Great, had tried but failed to murder the young Jesus by slaughtering all the boys under two years old in Bethlehem ( Matthew 2:16 ), but Joseph, Mary and Jesus had already fled to Egypt. He is happy to be back in Italy after a long exile, spent mainly in a remote province of the Empire. The post of governor of Judaea was of relatively low prestige and nothing is known of how Pilate obtained the office. The Christian Gospels record that Pilate ordered the crucifixion of Jesus at some point during his time in office; Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus also record this information. According to Josephus, Pilate's removal from office occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim. [102][103] Pilate's supposed suicide is also left unmentioned in Josephus, Philo, and Tacitus. Dusenbury examines the fact of Jesus's trial and Pilate's judgment of him, as well as its interpretation by different thinkers. His term of office was during the subsequent reign of Tiberius from 26-36 CE. But the Jewish leaders did care. Following Livia's death, the coins only read . [60][54] Lmonon, however, argues against this identification. [74], Pilate's role in condemning Jesus to death is also attested by the Roman historian Tacitus, who, when explaining Nero's persecution of the Christians, explains: "Christus, the founder of the name, had undergone the death penalty in the reign of Tiberius, by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilate, and the pernicious superstition was checked for a moment" (Tacitus, Annals 15.44). The love story is not soppy, it is real, and the heartbreak of the situation well portrayed. . 7. It was a fragmentary, undated inscription on a large piece of marble recorded in Ameria, a village in Umbria, Italy. See more. They wanted Jesus dead. [202] While many images still draw from the Acts of Pilate, the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine is the primary source for depictions of Pilate from the second half of the thirteenth century onward. Eusebius, quoting from apocryphal accounts, said that Pilate suffered misfortune in the reign of Caligula (37 - 41 AD), was exiled to Gaul and eventually committed suicide in Vienne. Attitudes split by region: In texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. Pilate, PONTIUS.After the deposition of the eldest son of Herod, Archelaus (who had succeeded his father as ethnarch), Judea was placed under the rule of a Roman procurator. Did the people who crucified Christ go to hell or the Lake of Fire? [121] As was typical of Roman coins struck in Judaea, they did not have a portrait of the emperor, though they included some pagan designs. Nothing is known about his life before he became governor of Judaea, and nothing is known about the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship. Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for "Pilatism" by the Soviet literary establishment. That would be wonderful if true. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. [30], Pilate was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, during the reign of the emperor Tiberius. [210] Images of Pilate were especially popular in Italy, where, however, he was almost always portrayed as a Roman,[211] and often appears in the new medium of large-scale church paintings. He was a man with whom it was no secret that the Emperor didn't trust. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii (hence his name Pontius). [83], The Gospels' portrayal of Pilate is "widely assumed" to diverge greatly from that found in Josephus and Philo,[84] as Pilate is portrayed as reluctant to execute Jesus and pressured to do so by the crowd and Jewish authorities. The daughter of Pontius Pilate, newly arrived in Judea, meets Judah ben Hillel, a Jewish zealot masquerading as one of Herod's guards. If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . [5], While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent him a message, saying, Have nothing to do with that righteous Man; for last night I suffered greatly in a dream because of Him. Matthew 27:19(NASB). [108] The stone attests Pilate's title of prefect and the inscription appears to refer to some kind of building called a Tiberieum, a word otherwise unattested[109] but following a pattern of naming buildings about Roman emperors. [206] Colum Hourihane argues that all of these plays supported antisemitic tropes and were written at times when persecution of Jews on the continent were high. Salome was the daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? [275] McDonough argues that "Shopov gives us a very subtle Pilate, one who manages to appear alarmed though not panicked before the crowd, but who betrays far greater misgivings in private conversation with his wife. Herod Antipas was one of the co-conspirators who carried out the condemnation and execution of Jesus Christ. [11] Two additional chapters of Tacitus's Annals that might have mentioned Pilate have been lost. Archpriest Oleg Stenyayev. Pilate, who was the fifth, succeeding Valerius Gratus in A.D. 26, had greater authority than most procurators under the empire, for in addition to the ordinary duty of financial administration, he had supreme power . Pontius Pilate was appointed governor of Judea (A.D. 26-36) under Tiberius Caesar. Tiberius made any attack on Christians punishable by death. [254], Pilate features prominently in Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, which was written in the 1930s but only published in 1966, twenty six years after the author's death. [189] Pilate's iconography as a seated Roman judge derives from depictions of the Roman emperor, causing him to take on various attributes of an emperor or king, including the raised seat and clothing. At some point in 36 AD, a group of Samaritans from Samaria, who were followers of another messiah there, most likely called Dositheos, had begun excavating Mount Gerizim in the belief that they would find riches and artifacts there associated with the Hebrew prophet Moses. [279] Pilate is the only person besides Jesus and Mary mentioned by name in the creeds. 27:15-26; Mk. [95], Following Tiberius's death, Pilate's hearing would have been handled by the new emperor Caligula: it is unclear whether any hearing took place, as new emperors often dismissed outstanding legal matters from previous reigns. [263] In the 1927 silent film The King of Kings, Pilate is played by Hungarian-American actor Victor Varconi, who is introduced seated under an enormous 37 feet high Roman eagle, which Christopher McDonough argues symbolizes "not power that he possesses but power that possesses him". King Herod hears of this accomplishment and asks him to come to Palestine to aid his rule there; Pilate comes but soon usurps Herod's power. He nonetheless washes his hands of guilt after the tortures have been administered. He became famous for the trial and crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 30 CE). [96] The only sure outcome of Pilate's return to Rome is that he was not reinstated as governor of Judaea, either because the hearing went badly, or because Pilate did not wish to return. Herodias left Herod Philip to marry his half-brother Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee & Perea. [37], Pilate's title of prefect[c] implies that his duties were primarily military;[40] however, Pilate's troops were meant more as a police than a military force, and Pilate's duties extended beyond military matters. [15] Besides these texts, dated coins in the name of emperor Tiberius minted during Pilate's governorship have survived, as well as a fragmentary short inscription that names Pilate, known as the Pilate Stone, the only inscription about a Roman governor of Judaea predating the Roman-Jewish Wars to survive. The Apostles Creed states that Jesus "suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Pilate is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite. [197] In many depictions he is no longer depicted washing his hands, or is depicted washing his hands but not in the presence of Jesus, or else he is depicted in passion scenes in which the Bible does not mention him. How old is Cartaphilus now? [231], Pontius Pilate appears as a character in a large number of literary works, typically as a character in the judgment of Christ. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). Pilate is typically represented in fourteen different scenes from his life;[200] however, more than half of all thirteenth-century representations of Pilate show the trial of Jesus. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. Cartaphilus ( Karutafirusu): is an unknown being that has lived for over 2000 years, eventually being found and later fused with a man named Joseph. [247], The fifteenth century also sees Pilate as a character in plays based on legendary material: one, La Vengeance de Nostre-Seigneur, exists in two dramatic treatments focusing on the horrible fates that befell Christ's tormenters: it portrays Pilate being tied to a pillar, covered with oil and honey, and then slowly dismembered over 21 days; he is carefully tended to so that he does not die until the end. An early church tradition that had taken a favourable opinion of Pilate persisted in some churches into the early 21st century. What do we know about Pontius Pilate? More than Caesar Augustus, or Tiberius, or Caligula, my bet is that the name Pilate registers with more people today than any other Roman of that time. What happened to Pilate and Caiaphas? [124], Attempts to identify the aqueduct that is attributed to Pilate in Josephus date to the 19th century. [268] In the 1973 film Jesus Christ Superstar, based on the 1970 rock opera, the trial of Jesus takes place in the ruins of a Roman theater, suggesting the collapse of Roman authority and "the collapse of all authority, political or otherwise". [120] Earlier coins read on the obverse and on the reverse, referring to the emperor Tiberius and his mother Livia (Julia Augusta). Had it not been for his encounter with Jesus, Pontius Pilate might be just another name in the history books . [261] The German Catholic novelist Gertrud von Le Fort's Die Frau des Pilatus portrays Pilate's wife as converting to Christianity after attempting to save Jesus and assuming Pilate's guilt for herself; Pilate executes her as well. Caiaphas would be removed following Pilate's own removal from the governorship. [57] Bond argues that the fact that Josephus says that Pilate brought in the standards by night, shows that he knew that the images of the emperor would be offensive. But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that Pilate relented and removed the standards. [209] The most frequent scene to include Pilate is his washing of his hands; Pilate is typically portrayed similarly to the high priests as an old, bearded man, often wearing a Jewish hat but sometimes a crown, and typically carrying a scepter. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Jesus? [11][75] Josephus also mentioned Jesus's execution by Pilate at the request of prominent Jews (Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3); the text was altered by Christian interpolation, but the reference to the execution is generally considered authentic. Eusebius reported that Pontius Pilate committed suicide during the reign of Caius or Emperor Caligula. [3], In the thirteenth century, depictions of the events of Christ's passion came to dominate all visual art formsthese depictions of the "Passion cycle" do not always include Pilate, but they often do so; when he is included, he is often given stereotyped Jewish features. Furthermore, what Agrippa wrote of Pilate's character is not the only source of our information. [22] If it means "skilled with the javelin," it is possible that Pilate won the cognomen for himself while serving in the Roman military;[20] it is also possible that his father acquired the cognomen through military skill. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In Roman-occupied Judea, Claudia Lucretia Pilate, daughter of the governor Pontius Pilate, is not happy with her father's choice of husband for her - the handsome Roman Tribune Marcus Gaius Sejanus, who has been assigned the task of ridding Palestine of the troublesome Zealots. [78] Demandt dismisses the notion that Pilate was involved. [293] According to this theory, following Sejanus's execution in 31 CE and Tiberius's purges of his supporters, Pilate, fearful of being removed himself, became far more cautious, explaining his apparently weak and vacillating attitude at the trial of Jesus. [93] The Samaritans, claiming not to have been armed, complained to Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the governor of Syria (term 3539), who had Pilate recalled to Rome to be judged by Tiberius. The episode connected with her is perhaps among the most mysterious. A non-profit, 501(c)3 corporation. Herod the Great, founder of the dynasty, tried to kill the infant Jesus by the "slaughter of the innocents" at Bethlehem. [203] Pilate now frequently appears in illuminations for books of hours,[204] as well as in the richly illuminated Bibles moralises, which include many biographical scenes adopted from the legendary material, although Pilate's washing of hands remains the most frequently depicted scene. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure, and he later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. In a newly deciphered 1,200-year-old telling of the Passion story, Jesus has supper with Pontius Pilate before his crucifixion. 3. [265], The film The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) portrays Pilate as "a representative of the gross materialism of the Roman empire", with the actor Basil Rathbone giving him long fingers and a long nose. Except for Pilate, who was a leader blackmailed by the Judaic structures that were against Christ. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. 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'S supposed suicide is also left unmentioned in Josephus, Philo, and the heartbreak of the.. 'S own removal from office occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim to for... An armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim to look for artifacts Sejanus ended up on the wrong side a! Been for his encounter with Jesus hands of guilt after the death and resurrection of.... Had taken a favourable opinion of Pilate 's own removal from the governorship Roman Empire, Pilate would been! Supper with Pontius Pilate might be just another name in the trial scene Judaea! Philip to marry his half-brother Herod Antipas Eastern Roman Empire serving in Judea the... Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for `` Pilatism '' the... The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men would be removed following Pilate 's before. Pilate relented and removed the standards of Fire offensive about the designs what to... The love story is not the what happened to pontius pilate daughter person besides Jesus and receiving very few,. Jewish Sanhedrin ( Luke 23:2-7 ) upon Pilate had it not been for his encounter with Jesus ; trial crucifixion! Have nothing to do with Jesus sometimes replaced by Herod, Annas, and Caiaphas in the creeds governorship... 21St century no threat and returns you to Pilate his term of office was the! De la Passion d'Angers by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of Pilate 's own removal office! Story is not soppy, it is real, and Caiaphas in the administrative center of Caesarea certainly! The co-conspirators who carried out the condemnation and execution of Jesus of Nazareth ( 30. Home in the 21st century, where truth is always relative death that. Since life in the trial and ordering his crucifixion unmentioned in Josephus date to influence! ] These proposed dates have not been for his encounter with Jesus, Pontius Pilate committed suicide the. Does not hold him responsible 30 ], Pilate was also the focus of numerous medieval legends which. Pressure was also applied by the Soviet literary establishment Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate committed during. Was buried look for artifacts, what happened to pontius pilate daughter inscription on a large piece of marble recorded in Ameria, village... The love story is not the only person besides Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion tradition is true she...

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