[167] The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to "black-on-black" or factional violence within the communities. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the Communist Party of South Africa, the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. [223], A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide antiretroviral (ARV) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV/AIDS epidemic sweeping the country. [19] Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. [95] Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. [62], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. Abara: Originating from the Igbo group of West Africa, Abara means 'spirit'. Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. Abioye (Yoruba origin) meaning "son of royalty". "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:53. More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA's fight with UNITA. Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2010). Many of the Natalia Boers who refused to acknowledge British rule trekked over the Drakensberg mountains to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal republics.[58]. [192][193], South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistncia Nacional Moambicana (RENAMO) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO-run government during the Mozambique Civil War, and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles. The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave, thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing. The republic regained its independence as the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ("South African Republic"), or ZAR. Kholwa (Southern African origin), meaning "believe" and is found in both Ndebele and Zulu cultures. The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas, as well as in his journals, which were only discovered in 1964. [30] Simon van der Stel, the first Governor of the Dutch settlement, famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry, was himself of mixed race-origin. The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestorssome three million years or moreand include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of life, and the construction of large urban centres. [184] A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola, resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed, including PLAN militants and a large number of women and children. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918". Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the League of Nations, the UN would have teeth. The rebellion was suppressed, and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. [113] Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult, even with an offer of improved wages. The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. [172][173], South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. The trade union movement was divided. Most Common South African Surnames & Meanings Most Common Last Names In South Africa Forebears knows about 821,426 unique surnames in South Africa and there are 66 people per name. [234] These also involved corruption related financial difficulties at some state owned enterprises such as Eskom and South African Airways that had a notable negative economic impact on the country's finances. Snyman Afrikaans Afrikaans version of the German surname Schneider, which is German for tailor. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the siege was broken and the Voortrekkers retreated. [251] As of 18 July, over 3,400 people had been arrested, while as of 22 July, 337 people had died in connection with the unrest.[252]. Freeman can also be an African American or Jewish name. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley. Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government. People with the surname include: Alexander du Toit (1878-1948), South African geologist Anri du Toit aka Yolandi Visser, South African musician A Adriaanse Alberts (name) B Badenhorst Bakkes Bekker Blaauw Blignault Blignaut Booi Booysen Boshoff Bosman Botha Breytenbach Burger (surname) Buys C Cilliers Cloete (surname) Coetzee Cronje [162] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. [213] The Charter decreed that "the national wealth of our country, the heritage of South Africans, shall be restored to the people; the mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people". By 16 December, the fleet had passed the Great Fish River on the east coast of South Africa, where Dias had earlier turned back. Afrikaners were split, with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort. Abbas - Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Algeria. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. Later, English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi. Means "nation" in Xhosa. Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871, with a Lieutenant-General and legislative council. It comes from a Punjabi word 'gil, which means 'prosperity'. In 1854, it was granted its first locally elected legislature, the Cape Parliament. Britain had allocated the sum of 1 200 000 British Pounds as compensation to the Dutch settlers, on condition the Dutch farmers had to lodge their claims in Britain as well as the fact that the value of the slaves was many times the allocated amount. [111] The commercial opportunities opened by the discovery of gold attracted many other people of European Jewish origin. Since then, the African National Congress has governed South Africa, in an alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions. Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand. [191] South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola, Cuba and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966. [166] At the same time, State-sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid. [37], Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. Magombo Swahili, African, Swazi (Rare) Meaning unknown, possibly related from the fore name of the same name. [38] The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of Lake Ngami in the desert.[39]. [73], The original Griqualand, north of the Orange River, was annexed by Britain's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley, so named after the British Colonial Secretary, Earl Kimberley. Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 197989", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.). The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904[56] ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century. [224], Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry, which employed half a million mostly black miners. [181][182][183], Between 1975 and 1988, the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA. It is also a given name in Kerala. A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto-Afrikaans speaking white population. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. [203], Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries, especially Botswana, to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976, provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC. [174] These states, forming a regional alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. By 1952, the brief flame of mass-based white radicalism was extinguished, when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. [163], In the mid-1980s, police and army death squads conducted state-sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists. The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. . According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". [36] This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. [179] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. [143], General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Nearly 9,000 were killed in action. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. It translates as "of the roof". In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. 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