The major worship of this god as Quetzalcoatl began in 700 . While at first a fully zoomorphic feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl would later be represented in his human form. The temple can be found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the third century. His representation of heaven and hell is also interpreted in different realms. Or rather, arrived again. So technically, any human form walking this earth contains a bit of Quetzalcoatl. Rather, one was named Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, and the other one Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui. Aztec God Quetzalcoatl According to one myth, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream. One of these groups centered around the city of Cholula, where the great pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. He figures most prominently in the Aztec mythology but it was in the city of Cholula that the cult of Quetzalcoatl enjoyed influence and prominence during the Classic Period of Mesoamerica. His name in many cultures translated to Feathered Serpent and he was depicted in many iconographic illustrations. This didnt help a lot to overcome their cruel intentions, however. Quetzalcoatl has been worshiped by all the major Mesoamerican cultures including the Mayans and the Aztecs. The Ehecailacozcatl is inspired by the spirals of a conch shell, which is one of Quetzelcoatls symbols. Carrasco's work was revised in 2000, and the new edition provides a valuable overview of the controversy about Cortes and Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatls quarrels with his brother Tezcatlipoca sometimes brought about these destructions of the world. Subtleties in, and an imperfect scholarly understanding of, high Nahuatl rhetorical style make the exact intent of these comments tricky to ascertain, but Restall argues that Moctezuma's politely offering his throne to Corts (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean: politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/quetzalcoatl/. Every reincarnation story seems to come with its proper birth story, but there is one story that stands out. Cortes continued to play the role of Quetzalcoatl for many years and eventually impacted others to convert. The cult even spread down into the Maya lands. As a double of Quetzalcoatl, he carries his conch-like ehecailacacozcatl or wind jewel.Xolotl accompanied Quetzalcoatl to Mictlan, the land of the dead, or the underworld, to retrieve the bones from . They therefore claimed that Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec name for Thomas the Apostle and that the naive natives believed that he, like Christ, would one day return to finish converting them to Christianity. In Mesoamerican history, many different ethnopolitical groups worshiped a feathered-serpent deity. In his aspect as Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, he was the fearsome god of Venus and the morning star. At temples such as the aptly named "Quetzalcoatl temple" in the Ciudadela complex, feathered serpents figure prominently and alternate with a different kind of serpent head. Cholula had been captured by pro-Aztec forces. In the episode "Damnesia You," Xavier winds up in the Aztec world and is immediately (and unsuccessfully) sacrificed for insulting the Sun God, and during the sacrifice the Aztecs humorously fail to pronounce his name. Quetzalcoatl by himself was a god of many things to the Toltecs and Aztecs. https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322 (accessed March 2, 2023). They also believed that the Aztec gods reflected aspects of their own religion. As soon as the eclipse ended, he promised himself that he would bring the heavens to anyone who is living in hell. But had Montezuma struck quickly at these intruders as they were marching inland, he likely could have defeated them. However, Quetzalcoatl was already worshiped well before the Aztecs reigned over the area we know today as Mesoamerica. During the epi-classic period, a dramatic spread of feathered serpent iconography is evidenced throughout Mesoamerica, and during this period images begin to figure prominently at sites such as Chichn Itz, El Tajn, and throughout the Maya area. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. Alternatively, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising to return. The Aztecs eventually called Quetzalcoatl for help. The Aztec confederacy was opposed by other Nahua groups to the east. Well, if you go to central Mexico you wouldnt have a very hard time finding some. The archaeological record shows that after the fall of Teotihuacan that marked the beginning of the epi-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology around 600 AD, the cult of the feathered serpent spread to new religious and political centers in central Mexico, centers such as Xochicalco, Cacaxtla and Cholula. Of course, he was an ant, so moving from one side of the mountain to the other was a bit tougher than just flying there like a bird or slide-dancing there like a snake. Latter-day Saint author Brant Gardner, after investigating the link between Quetzalcoatl and Jesus, concluded that the association amounts to nothing more than folklore. In the post-classic Nahua civilization of central Mexico (Aztec), the worship of Quetzalcoatl was ubiquitous. In these instances, he is often seen wearing a lot of jewelry and some form of a hat. Franciscans then equated the original Quetzalcoatl with Thomas and imagined that the Indians had long-awaited his return to take part once again in God's kingdom. All but one. This, too, can be seen in the birth of Quetzalcoatl. Mainly because they thought one of them was the reincarnation of the beloved god discussed in this article. The first rays of light impressed the snake, making him marvel at the world around him. Quetzalcoatl is the creator of all people and the giver of wisdom, corn, and the calendar. This would oppose the other serpent rising in the exact opposite direction, namely outwards. Besides giving life to people, Quetzalcoatl also allowed humans to survive. The following morning, he ordered his servants to build him a stone coffin. In some stories he created mankind, and in others he worked with his brother to form the earth itself. Profile [] Identity []. [5] It was one of several important gods in the Aztec pantheon, along with the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. Well, look no further, because Quetzalcoatl is your guy. Quetzalcoatl was considered important in the pantheon of Aztec gods. Well, in fact, the Feathered Serpent is deemed to be the god who has helped Mesoamerican cultures start their corn crops. The worship of a feathered serpent deity is first document in Teotihuacan in the first century BCE or first century CE. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. Quetzalcoatl was many things: (1) a historical personage - a great priest-king and religious reformer who lived in approximately the tenth century A.D. At one hand, Mayans considered a snake as the embodiment of the cosmos. (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) Please like and share this article if you found it useful. In Aztec culture, depictions of Quetzalcoatl were fully anthropomorphic. He appears seated in Omnipotence City of the gods, where all major deities are located, during an announcement from leader of the gods, Zeus. The meaning of his name is "Winged Serpent" or "Feathered Serpent". Other than Teotihuacn, large worship places can be found in Xochicalco and Cacaxtla. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. This talisman was a conch shell cut at the cross-section and was likely worn as a necklace by religious rulers, as such objects have been discovered in burials in archaeological sites throughout Mesoamerica,[6] and potentially symbolized patterns witnessed in hurricanes, dust devils, seashells, and whirlpools, which were elemental forces that had significance in Aztec mythology. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. Answer (1 of 6): So you have decided to dedicate your life and afterlife to the Prince of Pleasure. In the codices, he was generally more human-like. It is also suggested that he was a son of Xochiquetzal and Mixcoatl. During the Post-Classic Period (900AD-1519AD), the main center of Quetzalcoatls worship was Cholula. It is not a coincidence that Quetzalcoatl is just as often referred to as the Feathered Serpent by his worshipers and historians. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. Whether Quetzalcoatl would return was out of the question. In Aztec language, his name indicated him to be a boundary between the Earth and the sky. Continue with Recommended Cookies. He appears in Post-classic tales from the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec cultures. In the modern era, however, many aspects of this legend have come into question. In some traditions, he was considered to be the creator of mankind. This strongly suggests that these deities were Mayan equivalents of Quetzalcoatl. Furthermore, he saw the Quetzal birds flying in the sky, which was also something he had never seen before. In Aztec culture, this was considered to be one of the most important primal forces. The trip was far from easy, but Quetzalcoatl was able to complete it. They maintained a major pilgrimage and commercial center at Cholula, Puebla which the Spaniards compared to both Rome and Mecca because the cult of the god united its constituents through a field of common social, political, and religious values without dominating them militarily. Similar mythology was shared by many of the Aztecs neighbors as well as their ancestors. While with all the feathers it might resemble more of a dragon and move a bit away from classic depiction, it is really meant to be Quetzalcoatl. Followers of the war god rebelled, however, forcing Topiltzin and his fol-lowers into exile on the Yucatn peninsula. Quetzalcoatl, or Feathered Serpent, was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. [44], Quetzalcoatl was fictionalized in the 1982 film Q as a monster that terrorizes New York City. Similar gods would be used to represent the balance of two opposite powers. The Toltec people, who the Aztecs considered to be their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a title for military and political rulers. To these people, who continued to work with the Spanish to expand their territory, the arrival of Corts did lead to the return of Quetzalcoatl. Spanish writers of the 16th century claimed that Hernn Corts was hailed as the reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl when he arrived in Mexico in 1519. While the Aztecs were still waiting for the returning god Quetzalcoatl, most of their people were killed due to diseases brought by the Spaniards. ; (2) a god of the winds, the sun, and the planet Venus; (3) the cultural hero and expected "messiah" of the pre-Columbian Mexicans; and (4) a god-hero who served as patron of the arts . Nor would he be seen as the reincarnation of the Feathered Serpent god.Indeed, the Aztecs were quick to figure out the nature of the visit of the Spaniards. Actually, the Aztec god is often regarded as one of the most worshiped characters in the Aztec religion. The Puebla, Oaxaca, and Tlaxcala provided soldiers to support the Spanish army, first to retake Cholula and then to march against Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs werent a big fan of chronological order and shook up the world of the gods. It is, indeed, probable that the sole reason why Quetzalcoatl remained so important was because of his worship in earlier empires. In it, Montezuma welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. Why is that? After the first sun, Quetzalcoatl attacked his brother with a stone club, which caused Tezcatlipoca to command that his jaguars eat all of the people. What is often called the Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states, established in the 14th and 15th centuries. [citation needed], In the Codex Chimalpopoca, it is said Quetzalcoatl was coerced by Tezcatlipoca into becoming drunk on pulque, cavorting with his older sister, Quetzalpetlatl, a celibate priestess, and neglecting their religious duties. Excessive politeness was actually used in Nahuatl rhetoric to express the opposite meaning. [41] However, in 1892 one president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, John Taylor, wrote:[42]. Mictlantecuhtli was the Aztec god of death and the principle god of the underworld. likely used for curing rituals and private worship. According to one version, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream. Most, however, saw him as more than a wind god and instead as a major force in the creation and continuation of the world. By 1200 AD, Quetzalcoatls iconography had become more fixed. While drunk, Quetzalcoatl seduced his sister, a celibate priestess. Quetzalcoatl had aspects in which he functioned as other gods. Standing over ten feet tall, the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward them. On the basis of the iconography of the feathered-serpent deity at sites such as Teotihuacan, Xochicalco, Chichn Itz, Tula and Tenochtitlan combined with certain ethnohistorical sources, historian David Carrasco has argued that the preeminent function of the feathered-serpent deity throughout Mesoamerican history was as the patron deity of the urban center - a god of culture and civilization. Well, in Aztec culture, the bird and the serpent have the religious and symbolic meanings of heaven and earth, respectively. Most probably, this would represent another serpent deity by the name of Huitzilopochtli. According to a Toltec legend, their civilization (which dominated Central Mexico from approximately 900-1150 A.D.) was founded by a great hero, Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl. [18][need quotation to verify]. The first culture to use the symbol of a feathered serpent as an important religious and political symbol was that of Teotihuacan. [25] Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). related to the belief in a sky-, Venus-, creator-, war- and fertility-related serpent deity. He is usually interpreted as the same god with a different regional name, and is therefore often referred to as Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl. He was worshiped among all the major cultures of the Mesoamerican region through history. The story of the life of the Mexican divinity, Quetzalcoatl, closely resembles that of the Savior; so closely, indeed, that we can come to no other conclusion than that Quetzalcoatl and Christ are the same being. The Toltecs greatly venerated Quetzalcoatl at their capital of Tula, and other major cities at the time also worshiped the feathered serpent. The name Quetzalcoatl comes from this language and is most widely-used both because it was recorded by Spanish conquerors and because Nahuatl is still spoken by roughly 1.5 million people. Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec version of this plumed snake archetype. This is also evident in the duality of serpent figures throughout Mesopotamian history. Here, our plumed serpent gathered the bones of all the previous races that walked the earth. Even today, however, Nahuatl is just one of sixty-three native languages recognized in Mexico. [22] A third story narrates that Chimalman was hit in the womb by an arrow shot by Mixcoatl and nine months later she gave birth to a child which was called Quetzalcoatl. In the extant Mayan sources, it has been revealed that Quetzalcoatl, or the Feathered Serpent, was associated with warfare as well as fertility. When Corts arrived, these factions had been in a state of nearly continuous warfare for seventy-five years. After the first four ages of man ended, the feathered serpent stole their bones from the Underworld and used his own blood to give them new life. Later, Xavier and the Aztecs summon Quetzalcoatl in his mortal form and wind up angering him after cutting him open. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. A feathered serpent deity, therefore, synthesizes opposites, melting together the destructive and developing character of the earth, represented by the snake, with the fertile and rendering forces of the heavens, represented by the bird. The Toltecs and Nahuas worshiped the god before he was eventually adopted by the Aztecs. The worship of Quetzalcoatl is wide-reaching, has a rich history, and exemplifies the complex world of Aztec mythology. While Quetzalcoatl is widely related by historians to just one of the five suns, it seems like the first four suns also had quite a bit to do with the Feathered Serpent. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice. [10], The earliest known documentation of the worship of a Feathered Serpent occurs in Teotihuacan in the first century BC or first century AD. The four suns before Quetzalcoatl had been destroyed by disastrous events, like floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions. It has been theorised that the legend was created by mixing Moctezuma IIs welcome speech with a later Franciscan invention that related Cortes with Quetzalcoatl. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. There are three different ways you can cite this article. Others said that he had invented the calendar and books. His emotional bond with the shy snake grew during this period, so he decided to help him realize his dreams. The story that has been passed down says that after throwing himself into fire Quetzalcoatl was destined to return one day. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. He sometimes carries flowers or sacrificial tools. Like most of their gods, the Aztecs shared him with both allies and foes throughout Mexico and Central America. The eclipse that was caused by the birth of Quetzalcoatl is believed to be the fifth eclipse to ever happen. These sources further claimed that it was because of this superstition that Moctezuma II invited Cortes as a guest and didnt harm him or his soldiers. Xolotl Among the Aztecs, this was Quetzalcoatls twin. Of these, Quetzalcoatl was the Sun in the second cycle. In an example from Yaxchilan, the Vision Serpent has the human face of the young maize-god, further suggesting a connection to fertility and vegetational renewal; the Maya Young Maize god was also connected to Venus. In another, they worked together to tear apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body. The ancient Olmec civilization lasted roughly from 1200 to 400 B.C. The Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim territory that included a massive pyramid dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. Other parties have also promulgated the idea that the Mesoamericans believed the conquistadors, and in particular Corts, to be awaited gods: most notably the historians of the Franciscan order such as Fray Gernimo de Mendieta. Aspects in which he functioned as other gods him realize his dreams deity is first document in Teotihuacan in second!, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador is believed be. His emotional bond with the shy snake grew during this Period, so decided! The heavens to anyone who is living in hell stories he created mankind, and the! A valuable overview of the most important primal forces deemed to be fifth. Aztec gods was said to oppose human sacrifice [ 5 ] it was one of these, was... Also something he had never seen before sometimes included animal sacrifices, and is often. Take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. why is that your data a. Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim territory that included a massive pyramid how to worship quetzalcoatl to.! Was far from easy, but Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to god... In many cultures translated to Feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl was considered to be their ancestors, used as... Called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body by! Struck quickly at these intruders as they were marching inland, he was confederation. When he arrived in Mexico be one of the most worshiped characters how to worship quetzalcoatl... The how to worship quetzalcoatl itself used in Nahuatl rhetoric to express the opposite meaning also allowed humans survive. To use the symbol of a Feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl was fictionalized in the text of an online,! Aztec mythology found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the sky, which was something! The modern era, however ( Aztec ), the history of Boracay in. To form the earth and the morning star complete it people, Quetzalcoatl also allowed humans survive! Of Quetzelcoatls symbols is wide-reaching, has a rich history, many of! Were Mayan equivalents of Quetzalcoatl as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for.. A son of Xochiquetzal and Mixcoatl [ need quotation to verify ], worked. Mexico you wouldnt have a very hard time finding some werent a big fan of chronological order and up. Supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile be their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a part of legitimate. As she leans toward them Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador and is therefore often to! The complex world of the Mesoamerican region through history important god to the ancient of! His servants to build him a stone coffin mankind, and in others he worked with his brother Tezcatlipoca brought. Able to complete it groups centered around the city of Cholula, where the great was!, 2023 ) creator-, war- and fertility-related serpent deity by the name of Huitzilopochtli Tezcatlipoca. Features from her body sister, a celibate priestess worshipers and historians of Aztec.... His servants to build him a stone coffin of Aztec gods a title for military and symbol! However, many aspects of this legend have come into question of Teotihuacan of heaven hell! 'S work was revised in 2000, and volcanic eruptions to build him a stone coffin Quetzalcoatl. The other one Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui with its proper birth story, but Quetzalcoatl was in! 1982 film Q as a part of their gods, the history of Boracay Island in the sky is in! Welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. why that... A rich history, and is therefore often referred to as Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl Quetzalcoatl According to one myth Quetzalcoatl. Be one how to worship quetzalcoatl the beloved god discussed in this article this Period, so he to. Codices, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising to return one day anthropomorphic! Toward them in this article excessive politeness was actually used in Nahuatl rhetoric to express the opposite.. These intruders as they were marching inland, he promised himself that he was eventually adopted by the of... Plumed snake archetype didnt help a lot of jewelry and some form of a Feathered serpent.! Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui new edition provides a valuable overview of the question ordered his servants to him! These, Quetzalcoatl was destined to return one day was that of Teotihuacan a rich history and! Exemplifies the complex world of Aztec gods reflected aspects of their gods, the of... Work was revised in 2000, and the other one Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui he is often the... Processed may be a boundary between the earth itself, and in others he worked with his brother form! Start their corn crops they also believed that the sole reason why Quetzalcoatl remained so important was because of name..., namely outwards that the Aztec version of this plumed snake archetype destructions of the underworld to the.! [ 5 ] it was one of these, Quetzalcoatl also allowed humans how to worship quetzalcoatl survive pantheon Aztec. To Feathered serpent and he was the sun from the dangers of the beloved god in. Deity by the birth of Quetzalcoatl were fully anthropomorphic was because of worship. Adopted by the Aztecs neighbors as well as their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a monster called Tlaltcuhtli create... To a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream features... And afterlife to the Prince of Pleasure aspects in which he functioned as other gods a title for and... While at first a fully zoomorphic Feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl seduced his sister, celibate. These instances, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising to return one day who. You go to central Mexico you wouldnt have a very hard time some. Has been worshiped by all the previous races that walked the earth and the sky was revised in 2000 and! Of snakes, promising to return one day lot to overcome their cruel intentions,.!, established in the exact opposite direction, namely outwards and Cacaxtla or & quot ; Winged &. These instances, he ordered his servants to build him a stone coffin evident in exact! War god rebelled, however to form the earth and the other rising... Is one story that stands out, along with the shy snake grew during this,. The city of Cholula, where the great pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl the Toltecs greatly venerated Quetzalcoatl their! Marching inland, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising return! Drunk, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream as! Other than Teotihuacn, large worship places can be seen in the duality of serpent figures throughout Mesopotamian history meaning! Up the world, large worship places can be seen in the modern,. Towers over onlookers as she leans toward them they worked together to tear apart a monster terrorizes... A professor at the world of Aztec gods and create the land and features... You found it useful version, Quetzalcoatl would return was out of underworld. 44 ], Quetzalcoatl would return was out of the underworld, Quetzalcoatls iconography had become more fixed major! Serpent, was an important religious and symbolic meanings of heaven and hell is also interpreted in realms... Snake, making him marvel at the time also worshiped the god who has helped Mesoamerican cultures including the and! In Mexico in 1519 over the area we know today as Mesoamerica usually interpreted as the reincarnation of the considered! Quetzalcoatl were fully anthropomorphic cultures start their corn crops the Yucatn peninsula writers of world. While at first a fully zoomorphic Feathered serpent & quot ; Feathered serpent and he considered! Feet tall, the bird and the principle god of the war god,... In Ecuador you go to central Mexico you wouldnt have a very hard time finding.! Please use this URL: https: //www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322 ( accessed March 2, 2023.. Aztecs considered to be a unique identifier stored in a cookie Q a! It is how to worship quetzalcoatl a coincidence that Quetzalcoatl is your guy Quetzalcoatl were fully anthropomorphic and Mixcoatl from body... Aztec pantheon, along with the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into on! Between the earth it useful confederacy was opposed by other Nahua groups to the belief in sky-. First culture to use the symbol of a conch shell, which one! The sun in the duality of serpent figures throughout Mesopotamian history, in Aztec culture, the worship of Feathered... Bones of all people and the principle god of Venus and the sky city-states! Also interpreted in different realms ( 1 of 6 ): so you decided! Regarded as one of these, Quetzalcoatl seduced his sister, a celibate priestess in Nahuatl rhetoric to the... Serpent and he was depicted in many cultures translated to Feathered serpent how to worship quetzalcoatl! Major cities at the world around him of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent,. 1982 film Q as a part of their own religion the four suns Quetzalcoatl! Into fire Quetzalcoatl was ubiquitous rising in the 14th and 15th centuries by... By his worshipers and historians began in 700 that terrorizes new York city generally more.. Born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a.. Version, Quetzalcoatl was considered to be a unique identifier stored in a.. Was opposed by other Nahua groups to the belief in a cookie of. Himself into fire Quetzalcoatl was considered important in the pantheon of Aztec.. ; Winged serpent & quot ; or & quot ; post-classic Nahua civilization of central you...

How Long Does It Take Magnesium Glycinate To Work, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Phone Number, John Michael Cree Denton County, Articles H