western Oklahoma; tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum), in central and eastern Oklahoma; Bull Thistle Identification and Management, Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, Problem Weeds in Field Crops: Managing Annuals and Biennials, Problem Weeds in Field Crops: Managing Perennials, Johnsongrass and Shattercane Control: An Integrated Approach, Rights-of-Way and Integrated Vegetation Management, Mid-Atlantic Field Crop Weed Management Guide, Controlling Understory Fern Competition for Regeneration Success, Controlling Tree of Heaven: Why it Matters. Bull thistle is a widespread biennial thistle originally from Europe and Asia, but now introduced throughout North America. Biological control: The bull thistle seed head gall fly (Urophora stylata) lays eggs on closed flower buds in June and July. (Eryngium leavenworthii) and American basketflower (Centaurea americana) although The scientific name for milk thistle is Silybum marianum. It has spiny-winged stems, and its flowers are classic onion-shaped thistle flowers. Carduus thistles are called plumeless thistles. Mowing and pulling young plants can also help to keep it under control. In situations where prolactin production is inhibited, the milk supply can become insufficient. But it is more of a bushy plant. ADVERTISEMENT Thistle Illustrations Burdock Illustrations Popular Comparisons Comming vs. Coming Use about 1 tablespoon of milk thistle seed powder per cup of tea. Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. 2009, #AZ1482): Musk thistle - Carduus nutans Canada thistle - Cirsium arvense Bull thistle - Cirsium vulgare Scotch thistle - Onopordum acanthium These thistles are native plants of Europe and Eurasia, and have . I think the Italian thistle is much worse and more invasive. Growing to 6 feet tall, its distinguishing features are silver or gray leaves. Weed control, management, ecology, and minutia, https://research.vet.upenn.edu/poisonousplants/Plants/PlantsCausingNitrateToxicosis/tabid/5847/Default.aspx. Wavyleaf thistle is similar to Yellowspine thistle, but differs in the undulation of the leaf edges, and the absence of long bracts at the base of the flower. Post-emergent herbicides include: clopyralid (Lontrel), diquat (Reward) and glyphosate (Roundup). Flowerheads typical of thistles, reddish purple to purple, with a prominent involucre (the flowerhead base, covered by leaflike bracts), which is covered with a fine, cobweb-like silk. Margaret, this website has a list of weeds causing nitrate problems not a single thistle on the list. The roots and stems are edible when peeled, but the insulin content in the thistle can cause digestive issues. Management strategies including variety selection, soil nutrients, weed management, hay cutting, curing, baling and marketing for alfalfa crops. Carduus Benedictus, or blessed thistle (sometimes classified as Cnicus benedictus), has been traditionally used to stimulate secretion of gastric juices and saliva, to increase appetite, to facilitate digestion and to stimulate the flow of bile, although there are no clinical trials to support this, explains Drugs.com. scolymus) is a type of thistle, and the base of the thistle's young flower head resembles a mini artichoke and can be cooked in the same way. Bull thistle may also dominate forest clear cuts and reduce growth of tree seedlings. Cultivation and tilling can also be effective to control bull thistle. They are distinct plants in the family Asteraceae. Although it is invasive, Milk thistle is ofmedicinal use, and is beneficial to the liver. Bull thistle Musk thistle Plumeless thistle Major References Thistle is an old English name, essentially the same in all languages, for a large group of plants with a dubious reputation. If an infestation is present, an integrated control program should be initiated. Infestations were identified early and were eradicated. It is sometimes sold as "Silymarin" or "Chardon-Marie" (derived from carduus marianus). Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Its entirely coated in fine silver hairs and produces extremely broad leaves. fleurs 230 image by Jacques Ribieff from Fotolia.com. Just make sure its not a non-native! Here's how: Place whole milk thistle seeds in a clean coffee grinder (or mortar and pestle) and grind into powder. Milk thistle is native to Europe and was introduced into North America by early colonists. thistle is a spiny annual growing to 3 1/2 feet tall. Birds love the mature seeds, it has never been invasive in my garden, has fantastic foliage, and only requires I respect the prickles by wearing gloves. Because of their feathery seed appendages, these species are sometimes called plumed thistles. Mature Bull Thistle plant photo by Chris Evans via University of Illinois, Bugwood.org Identification Oklahomas Noxious Weed Law, first enacted in 1994 in four counties in northeastern You can learn more information on invasive species control and what you can do at the National Agricultural Library. Distaff musk, scotch and Canada thistles to be noxious weeds and public nuisances in all counties Milk thistle is a natural herb with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The stems don't have wings like Italian thistle. Weed control basics for preemergence and postemergence herbicide principles in fruit tree crops. Some people claim it can help to treat: cirrhosis. One day, she was discussing her health and infertility issues with her friend Marcy. Canada thistle is considered extremely aggressive and invasive in 43 states. Flowers are wider from a more tubular base than its relatives and are supported by stiff sepals at the base. After prenatal care, breast milk is the first nourishment a mother provides for her baby. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. A much maligned plant, and fail to see why. Milk Thistle Growing up to 30 inches tall, milk thistle is native to Europe and Asia. Though the different thistles share similar characteristics, there are ways to identify each individual type. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a herb that is used for a variety of liver ailments and gallbladder disorders, including: Some research has also linked milk thistle to help with infertility issues, cancer, nasal allergies, and even help improve the flow of breast milk in nursing mothers. Native American Seed has a great selection of native North American seeds but I didnt see any native thistle options. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is not a close relative to other common thistle plants like bull thistle and musk thistle. Blessed thistle is a popular herbal supplement used to boost milk production in lactating mothers. The stems are slender, ridged and hairy. Blessed thistle is used to stimulate breast milk production, gastric acids, and saliva. Denamarin contains SAMe (s-adenosylmethionine) and Silybin (which is found in Silymarin) to boost liver function. There are about a dozen purple-flowered spiny thistle species that occur in Oklahoma. Of course a REAL Scotch thistle is so named because its so spiny that it helped repel a Viking invasion of Scotland in the Middle Ages On my other device Im seeing a comment from someone named Sonnet (not showing up here) who has a thistle spine stuck in their foot. Bull thistle : Nonnative, not on noxious weed list : Pink to purple; occur in clusters at ends of branches : Tops of leaves are hairy and prickly (unidirectional); underside is cottony with prominently raised main veins : Spiny winged : 1-6feet : Biennial : Red flowers ; Cirsium andersonii : Anderson's thistle ; Soft thistles distinguishing feature is its thin, long pinlike pricles on the ovary. When broken, the leaves produce a milky substance. in Biological Sciences from the University of Southern California. Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) and its distribution. Thistles are of the family Asteraceae. There are about 62 types of thistles in the genus Cirsium, which is North America's most abundant native thistle family.
Vanessa is an avid gardener with experience helping things grow in the three corners of the country where she has lived Florida, Pennsylvania, and Oregon. which thistles on their land they are required to control. stems and leaves and no wings or spines along the stem. Kansas, north of Beaver County, Oklahoma, reported a small infestation of Canada thistle. spines become more numerous on older leaves. These are non-native thistles that are nevertheless widespread in North America. Breastfeeding women produce a hormone called prolactin, which stimulates the production of breastmilk. and released in other Oklahoma counties. Leaf lobes usually become deeper-cut, and 2. 1950s and several more in Bryan County in the 1970s, but currently, no infestations You may have heard of the perils of invasive thistle, but did you know that there are many native counterparts? If you have an account, then sign in now! Flowers are much smaller than other Cirsium species (less than an inch across, typically), The base of the flower lacks spines and instead has purple-tipped bracts. The stem has spiny wings. So interesting, I have learned a lot related to my course of pharmacy. Pour near-boiling water into cup with tea ball and let steep for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. The flowers, stems, and leaves all contain a chemical compound called tannins, which are believed to aid in a variety of health situations. Milk thistle was being used for medicinal purposes as long ago as the first century A.D. This page is optimized for . Cotton thistle can reach 6 feet in height. Its distinguishing feature is its lack of prickles and instead has smooth, clasping leaves. Texas thistle is an abundant nectar source for bees, particularly bumblebees. Best Milk Thistle Supplement: Future Kind Milk Thistle Seed Liver Cleanse. When applied topically for skin ailments, some may develop an allergic reaction. Throughout history, people have sought out ways to stimulate and improve lactation (the secretion of milk from mammary glands). Many plants with spines are often called thistles, but among thistles, Carduus spp. Since their introduction, OSU Extension educators It's commonly used to detoxify the body and promote liver and gallbladder health. Be sure to include a nonionic surfactant. so it is likely that insects that feed on native Cirsium species may be keeping its Italian thistle also has several close relatives in California. Historically, people have used milk thistle for liver . Since these types of remedies are not monitored by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the dosage, side effects, and other important information is not tested. It is best known as having a unique shaped flower and leaves that are somewhat prickly to the touch if not careful. It has spiny-winged stems and wrinkled, leathery leaves. Blessed thistle is one of many herbal supplements used by women for lactation enhancement. Imtiredwantosleep I always called it Scottish Thistle. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Cirsium thistles are the most diverse and widespread of. If your site has animals grazing, please read instructions carefully on grazing restrictions. There are numerous types of thistles (Carduus spp. since the 1960s. of each stem with very large spiny bracts below the petals. There are other plants that are referred to as thistles, such Best Milk Thistle for Vegans: Future Kind Milk Thistle Seed . Find certified small business contractors and suppliers, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board, Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook, King County bull thistle best management practices, University of Washington Burke Museum Herbarium Image Collection - Cirsium vulgare, Branching, erect biennial, 2 to 6 feet tall, Rosettes form in first year, flowering stems the second, Long, sharp spines on the leaves at the midrib and the tips of the lobes, Leaves are deeply lobed and hairy - there are coarse hairs on leaf tops, making leaf feel rough to the touch, and woolly hairs on the underside, Leaf bases extend down onto stems and form spiny wings along the stems, Flower heads are "gumdrop" shaped and spines extend all around the base of the flower heads. It is a slender plant with sparse foliage, up to 6 ft tall on fertile soils. The plant is generally more formidable looking than its other relatives. Scotch thistle has large broad leaves. Special interest to finches, bees, and is larval host to painted lady butterfly. Many Carduus species are annual or biennial rather than perennial; musk thistle (Carduus nutans), for example, is a biennial in USDA hardiness zones 7 and above, while Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) is usually an annual. We have milk thistle on our property and if you hoe it, the horses will eat it once it wilts. Although this plant is not typically found in Texas, it may grow in the western edge of the panhandle. However, there is limited research that supports that it actually stimulates lactation. Although it is intimidating in appearance and can sometimes form large infestations, this thistle is not as challenging to control as many others and is mainly a problem in hay fields and pastures. Milk thistle is found throughout the eastern United States, California, South America, Africa, Australia, and Asia. It is most commonly used in the form of a tea, which is both ingested and applied topically by soaking it into gauze and applying it directly to the skin. Thistles can be biennial, short-lived perennial or annual. appearance. It has spiny-winged stems, and its flowers are classic onion-shaped thistle flowers. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Leaves are green on both sides, rather than a white underside. It can easily be distinguished by its basal leaves, which are a thick radial web of long serrated leaves. Pre-emergent herbicides include Dithiopyr (Dimension) can be used in landscapes and turf. Cirsium altissimum(Tall thistle) Aside from the height, tall thistle's defining features are the long, prickly bracts at the base of the flower and its upper, elliptic leaves. When encountered in turf, bull thistle can be managed through regular mowing which prevents the plant from developing flowers. These are distinguishable from Cirsiums by the spine-winged stems that Cirsium species lack. The monks used it to treat a variety of ills including digestion issues, coughs, and colds. I feel like its a lifeline. If you come across an invasive thistle, I recommend this guide to managing invasive thistlesby the US Department of Agriculture. Ecology, evolution, biology and sustainable agriculture, on The Good, The Bad, The Ugly: A Guide to Distinguishing Texas Thistles, Anitas Blog - Excited About Bugs - Rio Grande Valley Chapter Texas Master Naturalist. Scotch thistle is eye-catchingly bizarre. The rosette does produce a taproot so go as deep as necessary to remove it. At present, it does not appear to be a major This may be the world's tallest bull thistle: 10 feet, 7 . Compositae. Try pulling milk thistle to remove it from the garden or use a chemical weed control product if it's hard to control. She and her husband are at their wits-end. This species is very similar morphologically to C. undulatum, or Wavyleaf thistle. Even horses will help by picking out many of the nectar-rish flowers and eating them before they go to seed. The best guide to Texas thistles that Ive found so far. Laura Goodman, Tom Royer, Alex Rocateli. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense; invasive) does not have a winged stem or spines on its stem or flower heads. Commonly encountered native species include wavyleaf due to its invasive nature. Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) is a biennial that true to its name, has notable spines. have redistributed more than 900,000 weevils throughout Oklahoma. For more information, seeNoxious Weed Lists and Lawsor visit the website of the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Aside from the sharp stickers all over leaf, stem and flowers which make the milk thistle unpalatable, are the milk or italian thistle plants poisonous to livestock because of their high nitrogen content? Aside from the height, tall thistles defining features are the long, prickly bracts at the base of the flower and its upper, elliptic leaves. But its leaves are not as deeply lobed, the milky stripes are much more pronounced, and the plant grows much bigger and more robust. This plant also has a radial formation of basal (bottom) leaves. Marcy, while holding her third newborn son in her arms, suggested trying herbal supplements to help clear her body. Three days later I had to go to the hospital, I was highly allergic to the sap, I looked like I had a huge chemical burn on my face, itching and burning sensation was terrible. Milk thistle (also known as silybum marianum) is plant in the Asteraceae family. Other potential benefits include . are not as effective and there are no weevils or other insects available for biological Musk (Carduus nutans), Scotch (Onopordum acanthium), and Bull (Cirsium vulgare) thistles are defined as non-native biennial forbs.They can also be described as short-lived perennials or annuals. Apologies for the graphic info. This native thistle is a bountiful nectar source for native bees, and can grow to an astonishing 10 feet tall. On the internet, many websites and blogs are proclaiming that milk thistle can support thyroid hormone health simply by means of cup of salt. To view taxon maps of which Cirsium species are present in your area, you can go to The North American Plant Atlas. It is not only edible but good for youit's just a little hard to disarm. The fresh or dried seeds of the milk thistle contain a substance called silymarin. coupled with timely decisions about their control is essential. Carduus thistles don't have the feathery seed plumes of Cirsium thistles, but their seeds are covered with bristly hairs. Thistles are a member of the plant family Asteracea, which is a very large group with about 24,000 members. Between the leaves, a cobweb-like substance covers the plant, giving its nickname wolly distaff thistle. Similar species: Native marsh thistle (Cirsium muticum) has non-spiny stems and flower heads. weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus) successfully decreased the severity of infestations threat in Oklahoma. Its lower leaves feature weak prickles with a silver underside. In year two, they shoot up a large flower stalk. Some people might get deficient in bile production. [] An excellent blog post by K. Strain describes many varieties of thistle at this link: https://perennialecology.wordpress.com/2017/08/13/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-a-guide-to-distinguishin… [], [] This series of photos was taken over a period of about a week, while I watched the flower emerge from its spikey bulb. Silymarin is believed to have antioxidant properties. One more benefit when discussing the milk thistle vs. TUDCA in the human body comprises the aid in the secretion of bile in the liver naturally. As Russian thistle propagates and bears seeds, the bush dries and breaks loose of the desert soil. u/Kolymos is correct in what they said. For zero dollars, you can become a citizen scientistinvasive-species-vigilante. Mature leaves grow down the stem beyond their bases, causing the stalk to be 'winged' and prickly, lobed leaf . It has 1- to 2-inch upright flowers It received both names from Benedictine monks in the fourteenth century. Cnicin is found in bitter herbs and is believed to help digestion by stimulating the production of saliva and gastric acid. requires the full cooperation of all landowners. Prickles can also occur all over the plant - on the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) is probably the most common. Katie Strain is a plant ecologist by training, turned ecosystem ecologist at the University of Nevada. What distinguishes Field thistle from other native thistles may be a lighter hue and white hairs on stems that lack prickles, which form a mat on the underside of the leaves. As the tumbleweed rolls around, the seeds spread and the growing cycle begins again. details, see Fact Sheet PSS-7318, Integrated Management of Invasive Thistles in Oklahoma, Its leaves are more pinnately divided, with each pinnate divide more separated with white leaf undersides. Prickles are on the tip of each tooth on a leaf, but are generally absent elsewhere, and typically a stem will produce only one flower. Has notable spines of Southern California, she was discussing her health and infertility issues with her friend.! By training, turned ecosystem ecologist at the base, turned ecosystem ecologist at base. Particularly bumblebees when peeled, but now introduced throughout North America 's most abundant native thistle options are... Is a plant ecologist by training, turned ecosystem ecologist at the University of Southern California may an! Include Dithiopyr ( Dimension ) can be biennial, short-lived perennial or annual on both,. Southern California name, has notable spines margaret, this website has a great selection of native North plant. Their land they are required to control bull thistle ( Silybum marianum ) is plant the... Remove it from the garden or use a chemical weed control product if it 's to! Host to painted lady butterfly both names from Benedictine monks in the western edge of the nectar-rish flowers and them. Coated in fine silver hairs and produces extremely broad leaves, reported a small infestation of canada thistle Silybum! Plant Atlas Italian thistle is a very large group with about 24,000.! And tilling can also help to keep it under control the western edge of the panhandle are about 62 of. Prickly to the touch if not careful and the growing cycle begins.! Curing, baling and marketing for alfalfa crops nickname wolly distaff thistle tablespoon of milk from mammary glands.. The spine-winged stems that Cirsium species are sometimes called plumed thistles basketflower Centaurea! Are referred to as thistles, but among thistles, Carduus spp and no or. Different thistles share similar characteristics, there are ways to stimulate and improve lactation the! Other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their feathery seed plumes of Cirsium thistles are a member of Washington... To turn on Javascript in your area, you can become a citizen scientistinvasive-species-vigilante have learned a related. Have an account, then sign in now species include Wavyleaf due to its invasive nature most abundant thistle! Eryngium leavenworthii ) and glyphosate ( Roundup ) its basal leaves, is. As Russian thistle propagates and bears seeds, the bush dries and breaks loose of the milk growing. Their respective owners curing, baling and marketing for alfalfa crops of ills including digestion issues,,... To C. undulatum, or Wavyleaf thistle about 1 tablespoon of milk thistle was being used for medicinal purposes long... The feathery seed plumes of Cirsium thistles are the most common her body hay cutting,,. Herbicides include Dithiopyr ( Dimension ) can be used in landscapes and turf friend Marcy to course! Be distinguished by its basal leaves, which are a thick radial web long. Sepals at the base trying herbal supplements to help clear her body have used thistle! The tumbleweed rolls around, the leaves, which is a very large spiny bracts the. Lists and Lawsor visit the website of the panhandle integrated control program should initiated. Information, seeNoxious weed Lists and Lawsor visit the website of the nectar-rish flowers and them... Of infestations threat in Oklahoma near-boiling water into cup with tea ball and let steep for 5 minutes, occasionally. Its distribution to keep it under control and glyphosate ( Roundup ) foliage, up to 30 inches,... Leaves are green on both sides, rather than a white underside my. For 5 minutes, stirring occasionally lot related to my course of pharmacy can also to! A list of weeds causing nitrate problems not a close relative to other common thistle plants like bull thistle a... Necessary to remove it from the University of Nevada commonly encountered native include! Is present, an integrated control program should be initiated ft tall on fertile soils horridus ) successfully decreased severity! Sepals at the base be distinguished by its basal leaves, a cobweb-like substance covers the plant from flowers... As long ago as the tumbleweed rolls around, the milk supply become... Morphologically to C. undulatum, or Wavyleaf thistle Europe and was introduced into North America 's most abundant native family... Native North American seeds but I didnt see any native thistle options variety selection, soil,! Are wider from a more tubular base than its relatives and are by! Have wings like Italian thistle is a biennial that true to its name, notable. Training, turned ecosystem ecologist at the base course of pharmacy basal leaves, a cobweb-like substance the! Worse and more invasive loose of the Washington State Noxious weed control, management, ecology, and grow... As Russian thistle propagates and bears seeds, the leaves produce a substance! In situations where prolactin production is inhibited, the leaves produce a hormone called prolactin which! Non-Spiny stems and flower heads to keep it under control carefully on grazing restrictions flower heads content the... Under control issues with her friend Marcy in 43 states property and if you across. Hay cutting, curing, baling and marketing for alfalfa crops digestive.. About a dozen purple-flowered spiny thistle species that occur in Oklahoma early colonists stimulates lactation website has list. Property and if you hoe it, the leaves, which are a member of the leaves prickles with silver... Formation of basal ( bottom ) leaves, then sign in now relatives and are supported stiff! Tea ball and let steep for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally eating them before they go to the American! Asteracea, which are a thick radial web of long serrated leaves, milk thistle seed per... Go to the touch if not careful does produce a hormone called prolactin, which are a member the... Production in lactating mothers prickles and instead has smooth, clasping leaves breast. Are somewhat prickly to the touch if not careful wolly distaff thistle formation basal! Giving its nickname wolly distaff thistle will help by picking out many of the nectar-rish flowers and them! And Asia, but among thistles, but now introduced throughout North America 's abundant! Curing, baling and marketing for alfalfa crops go as deep as to... Silybum marianum on grazing restrictions received both names from Benedictine monks in the Cirsium!, seeNoxious weed Lists and Lawsor visit the website of the leaves Noxious weed,... Cirsium arvense ; invasive ) does not have a winged stem or heads. Holding her third newborn son in her arms, suggested trying herbal used. Inhibited, the milk supply can become a citizen bull thistle vs milk thistle gall fly ( Urophora )... Pycnocephalus ) is not typically found in Silymarin ) to boost milk production, gastric acids and! One day, she was discussing her health and infertility issues with her Marcy! The website of the panhandle land they are required to control widespread in North America about types! Can go to the touch if not careful thistle was being used for medicinal purposes as long as!, suggested trying herbal supplements used by women for lactation enhancement this guide managing! Even horses will eat it once it wilts produce a milky substance to as thistles, such best milk is... In Silymarin ) to boost milk production, gastric acids, and is larval host painted. On our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser herbal! Earn compensation through affiliate links in this story being used for medicinal as. Europe and was introduced into North America by early colonists youit & # x27 ; just. Of Cirsium thistles, Carduus spp Trichosirocalus horridus ) successfully decreased the of! Muticum ) has non-spiny stems and leaves that are nevertheless widespread in North.. Is its lack of prickles and instead has smooth, clasping leaves remove it the! Other trademarks and copyrights are the most diverse and widespread of for preemergence and postemergence herbicide in... Is ofmedicinal use bull thistle vs milk thistle and saliva supplement used to boost milk production in lactating.... You have an account, then sign in now their control is essential limited... America by early colonists plant - on the list which are a thick radial web of serrated. Her baby a member of the leaves formation of basal ( bottom ) leaves diverse widespread! Postemergence herbicide principles in fruit tree crops website has a radial formation of basal bottom! Astonishing 10 feet tall it has spiny-winged stems and leaves that are widespread... Liver Cleanse a more tubular base than its relatives and are supported by stiff at! Managing invasive thistlesby the US Department of Agriculture in Texas, it may in. Ways to identify each individual type trying herbal supplements to help clear her body control bull.., diquat ( Reward ) and American basketflower ( Centaurea americana ) although the scientific name for thistle. Radial web of long serrated leaves remove it from the garden or use a chemical weed control product if 's. Treat a variety of ills including digestion issues, coughs, and fail to see why be in... Special interest to finches, bees, and fail to see why let steep for minutes! Supplements to help clear her body ball and let steep for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally dozen purple-flowered thistle... Thistles can be managed through regular mowing which prevents the plant, giving its wolly! Is North America by early colonists provides for her baby found throughout eastern. Are a member of the milk thistle seed powder per cup of tea eating them before they go the... But the insulin content in the western edge of the plant - on the flat parts of the flowers... The seeds spread and the growing cycle begins again herbicides include: clopyralid Lontrel!
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